Keywords : Rural-urban disparities, income inequality, educational access, healthcare infrastructure, rural development, inclusive growth.

Abstract : Rural-urban disparities in India remain a critical developmental challenge, reflecting significant inequalities in income, education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This paper analyzes these disparities using secondary data from sources such as the Census of India, National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), and National Family Health Survey (NFHS). Key findings highlight the income gap between rural and urban households, unequal access to quality education and healthcare, and stark differences in infrastructure development. For instance, urban households enjoy twice the average monthly income of rural households, while rural areas report higher school dropout rates and poorer health outcomes. These disparities are compounded by limited non-agricultural employment opportunities and a lack of access to formal credit in rural regions. The study emphasizes the socio-economic implications of these inequalities, including their impact on poverty alleviation and inclusive growth. Policy interventions, such as improving rural infrastructure, promoting rural industrialization, and enhancing access to digital technologies, are discussed as strategies to bridge the rural-urban divide. Addressing these disparities is essential for achieving equitable and sustainable development in India.

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